Disneyland Essay examples -- Disney Amusement Parks essays research pa

DisneylandThe greatest place on the face of the earth is Disneyland. Nowhere elsehas the magic that a day at Disneyland possesses. From my childhood to myadulthood, I have never experienced a day at Disneyland that didnt put enoughjoy in my heart to farther exceed the admission price. Rides, shops, shows, andcharacters. These are just a few of the many great aspects of a wonderfulplace called Disneyland.Disneyland has always been a very additional place to me. My parents tookmy family there for the first time when I was about three. To this day I stillremember shaking Mickey Mouses hand, giving Goofy a hug, and meeting all of therest of my favorite Disney characters. It was a truly euphoric experience tomeet stars of all my favorite cartoons that I so loyall...

Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): Parallels Within

Parallels Within The Stranger (The Outsider)     The Stranger by Albert Camus is a fabrication of a sequence of events in one mans life that cause him to question the nature of the universe and his position in it. The book is written in two parts and each part faces to reflect in large degree the actions occurring in the other. There are curious parallels throughout the two parts that seem to indicate the emotional state of Meursault, the protagonist, and his view of the world. Meursault is a f demeanorly average individual who is distinctive more in his apathy and passive pessimism than in anything else. He rarely talks because he generally has nothing to say, and he does what is requested of him because he feels that resisting commands is more of a bother than it is worth. Meursault never did anything notable or distinctive in his life a fact which makes the events of the book all the more intriguing. Part I of The Stranger begins with Meursaults attendance at his mothers funeral. It ends with Meursault on the beach at Algiers killing a man. Part II is concerned with Meursaults trial for that same murder, his ultimate sentencing to death and the mental anguish that he experiences as a firmness of purpose of this sentence. Several curious parallels emerge here, especially with regard to Meursaults perception of the world. In Part I, Meursault is spending the night next to his mothers coffin at a relegate of pre-funeral vigil. With him are several old people who were friends of his mother at the home in which she had been living at the time of her death. Meursault has the strange feeling that he dirty dog see all of their faces really clearly, that he can observe every detail of their clothing and that they volition be indelibly impr... ...r has not done makes no essential difference at the end. The nurse at the funeral tells him, if you walk too slowly, youll get heat exhaustion, but if you walk too fast, then the cool air in church de part give you a chill. As he kills the Arab, he thinks, Whether I fire or dont fire is irrelevant the ending will be the same. And at the trial, Meursault tells the prosecutor, I have lived my life thus and did x, but if I had done y or z instead, it wouldnt have mattered. And, ultimately, Meursault turns out to be correct he discovers that when death approaches, all men are equal, no matter what their ages or previous lives. Meursault views death as an escape you cant escape from it, but you can escape into it, and he prepares himself to do so, bit by bit. Each parellel incident is just one more winding round of the rope that will bind him completely.  

Concession in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club Essay -- Joy Luck Club Essays

Concession in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club Sometimes you have to lose pieces to get ahead, explains the narrator of The Rules of the Game, a befuddled piece from Amy Tans novel The Joy Luck Club that has arguably achieved greater readership through its appearance in numerous anthologies (505). The Rules of the Game pivots around the concept that one may triumph in a win-lose situation through a concession. Narrator Waverly Jong recounts applications of this head as she grows into adolescence in her Chinese-American community. From her adventures in the local marketplace to her romps on the chess battlefield, Waverlys prizes while asserting her concede-to-win strategy include physical objects and abstractions, the intangibility of the latter implying that ones examination of this story must consider terms like conflict, win, and freeing in the broadest sense possible. With this in mind, Tans The Rules of the Game explores the determinants behind wins and losses, ultimately suggesting that the most effective way to achieve victory is through an act of concession. Tan introduces this idea as a vague proverb rattled by Waverlys mother that Waverly bevels into sharp clarity by her involvement in situations of conflict that eventually butt the veracity of her mothers words. The first conflict of The Rules of the Game materializes when Waverly accompanies her mother to the marketplace as a young child and experiences a loss. Bite back your tongue, scolded my mother when I cried loudly, yanking her hand toward the store that... ... in the struggle to win. In short, Tan presents several conflicts that investigate the factors in win-lose situations, each conflict reiterating the notion that one must lead a triviality to outmaneuver his opponent to victory. This abstraction appears immediately in the story in an abstruse manner but is eventually clarified by evaluating the consistencies of the sundry conflicts. The repetition of these conflicts with similar outcomes involving (or not involving) concessions elucidates the idea that an act of concession is assuredly the most foolproof approach to triumph in a struggle. crop Cited Tan, Amy. The Rules of the Game. The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories. Ed. Tobias Wolff. New York Random House, Inc., 1994. 497-508.

Richard Fairbanks and Takeshi Yasudas Ceramics Essay example -- Arti

Richard Fairbanks and Takeshi Yasudas CeramicsRichard Fairbanks, although many times overlooked, was an important American ceramist. He was known as a loner and because of this he was never really apprehended for his talent. Fairbanks was greatly influence by his professors. Professor Paul Bonifas, who taught at the University of Washington, was one who left a huge impact on Fairbanks work. Fairbanks forced a system of sketching pottery profiles, which stemmed from Bonifas t from each oneings, as a mean of thinking on paper. This approach to pottery through sketching was a crucial element that separated Fairbanks from many early(a) Asian-inspired American peers. Although, Fairbanks was a wheel thrown expert, he continued to think on paper throughout his creative life. Much of what absorbs Fairbanks interest groups can be seen in his making of candlesticks, casseroles, and vases. During the later part of his life he created three of his final pieces. One being the Stonewa re Heart Plate, 1985, secondly the Stoneware server, 1985, and thirdly the Stoneware Vase, 1985. These were three of Fairbanks last works, which send word the direction in which he was headed, in terms of what defined his style, before he became deathly ill. The plate, which is an exploration of decoration, is liquid clay or slip excogitation of concentric circles around a valentine heart. This plate was wheel thrown, and glazed with iron oxide and copper red washes. I find it very interesting because it seems to portray more(prenominal) emotion than most of his other pieces. This can probably be indirectly associated with Fairbanks illness and how he was feeling at the time. The next piece he do during his period of illness was called the Stoneware Server. The server can be explained by unadorned simplicity. It also takes on some style of the art deco period. Fairbanks decided that for the server, he would floor a new style of handles. The thrown thread-spool shape. Many people explained this server as a model of modernist formal unity. The server is covered with red vapid glaze. I became attracted to this piece because of its simplicity. It creates room for interpretation, which I find culminating. His last and final piece, which is very interesting, is called the Stoneware Vase* It has two curled spiral handles, suggestive of ancient or pre-historic civilizat... ...s disc is made from Creamware, which was an invention of 18th century Staffordshire. Creamware was what eventually replaced the popular thin glazed products. Yasuda gave a new name to creamware. He was impressed with its optimistic and visually liberating appearance.Though not strongly shown in the pieces above, Yasudas ability to control and rescue a form before a complete collapse takes place amazes me. His interest in gravity and directional pull played a huge role in Yasudas style.I feel strongly that Yasudas mastery comes from his love of exploration, especially of the unknown. By challenging the normal his pots engage and provoke his audience.Richard Fairbanks and Takeshi Yasuda are very different in nature, but I find each of their works visually and aesthetically compelling. Difference creates questions, which creates interests, which creates answers. I feel both of these men treasured simplicity in its realist form Fairbanks and Takeshi both explored the unknown to create identity for themselves. The creativity, ingeniousness, and capacity of knowledge that these men display helps identify who they are and what they stand for as artists.

A Tale Of Two Cities: Reversal Of Characters :: essays research papers

A boloney of Two Cities Reversal of Characters     When writing a book, most authors ar writing about an issue they have.However, early(a) themes become apparent through the course of the piece, eitherconsciously or subconsciously. One such theme is a reversal of characters in ATale of Two Cities. Individuals and groups of stack change dramatically fromthe outset of the book all the way up to its conclusion. Three of the mostobvious changes in character are Sydney Carton, Madame DeFarge, and the Frenchpeople as a whole.Sydney Carton is first described at Darnays trial as not paying attentionto whats going on, discriminate of an oaf. He is portrayed as a drunk, and tied(p) admitsthis to Darnay on their "date." However, love, they say, is strong Cartonslove for Lucy changed him greatly though the course of the novel. He stoppeddrinking when he visited, and even pledged his life to her, and everyone sheloved. Carton changed even more dramatically when death on the guillotine wasapproaching. He waxed philosophical about the future, and even quoted a fewscriptures. This is most certainly not the man first seen at the Old Baileywith the sideways wig.     Another interesting change took place in the character of Madame Defarge.She is first portrayed as a woman of principle who is helping her husband withthe revolution. However, Madame Defarge makes a startling metamorphosis fromsupporting character to obstructor when she is revealed to be the shadow. Sheis shown to be cruel and petty, not the compassionate woman one would assume ofa leader of a revolution against tyranny. This part of the novel casts ashadow of doubt over the rest of the characters, and one begins to question thevalidity of all the characters.     Finally, the French people themselves start out as downtrodden andmiserable victims of a corrupt system. But it is illustrated that they could bejust as heartless as their rich count erparts, the aristocrats, when it came downto it. For example, anyone who was an aristocrat, or even associated witharistocrats, was sentenced to death. As the novel went on, the French peoplegrew more heartless, for the executions continued without end. This lastreversal in character is the most disturbing, because it holds true in the realworld.     These examples are but a few of the some in A Tale of Two Cities, andthis theme of character reversal one of a myriad of possible interpretations.

A Tale Of Two Cities: Reversal Of Characters :: essays research papers

A Tale of Two Cities Reversal of Characters     When writing a book, most authors are writing about an issue they have.However, other themes become patent through the course of the piece, eitherconsciously or subconsciously. One such theme is a reversal of characters in ATale of Two Cities. Individuals and groups of populate change dramatically fromthe outset of the book all the way up to its conclusion. Three of the mostobvious changes in character are Sydney Carton, Madame DeFarge, and the French volume as a whole.Sydney Carton is premiere described at Darnays trial as not paying attentionto whats going on, sort of an oaf. He is visualized as a drunk, and even admitsthis to Darnay on their "date." However, love, they say, is strong Cartonslove for Lucy changed him greatly though the course of the novel. He stoppeddrinking when he visited, and even sworn his life to her, and everyone sheloved. Carton changed even more dramatically when death on the g uillotine wasapproaching. He waxed philosophical about the future, and even quoted a fewscriptures. This is most certainly not the man first seen at the Old Baileywith the sideways wig.     Another interesting change took place in the character of Madame Defarge.She is first portrayed as a woman of principle who is helping her husband withthe revolution. However, Madame Defarge makes a startling metamorphosis fromsupporting character to antagonist when she is revealed to be the shadow. Sheis shown to be cruel and petty, not the compassionate woman one would assume ofa leader of a revolution against tyranny. This part of the novel casts ashadow of mistrust over the rest of the characters, and one begins to question thevalidity of all the characters.     Finally, the French people themselves start out as downtrodden andmiserable victims of a corrupt system. tho it is illustrated that they could bejust as heartless as their rich counterparts, t he aristocrats, when it came downto it. For example, anyone who was an aristocrat, or even associated witharistocrats, was sentenced to death. As the novel went on, the French peoplegrew more heartless, for the executions move without end. This lastreversal in character is the most disturbing, because it holds true in the realworld.     These examples are but a few of the many in A Tale of Two Cities, andthis theme of character reversal one of a myriad of possible interpretations.

Compare and Contrast Roman and Han Empires Essay

The Roman and Han empires were both very powerful, in their own rights. Although their culture and beliefs were very different, their ideology and governments were, at points, very similar. Both empires go through a rise, plateau, and fall, which eventually changed their entire empires. One thing that was a key aspect in both societies was religion. While the Han empire brought Confucianism as a important element in daily life, the Romans had several different religions that each played a key role.The Han empire trained bureaucrats formally in the teachings of Confucian philosophy. The Roman emperors were sometimes, after death, referred to as demigods. At the same time this was going on in the Roman empire, Jews and Christians were being persecuted. While the Romans had polytheism, Christianity and Judaism, the Han empire had Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The Chinese did better to make their religion more an aspect of everyday life and law, while the Romans did not care as m uch.The fragmentation in religious beliefs in Rome lead to hostility among the people. In both empires the lack of stable economy and government caused the empire to be weak and so susceptible to beset and invasion. Rome was already faltering from within, with tax collection becoming corrupt and the economy slowing down, when the Germanic tribes came and invaded. What was left in the east became the Byzantine Empire. In China, the weak centralized government was very unpopular due to over taxation. The Huns then invaded, and the Chinese could not fend them off.Unlike the Roman empire though, the Chinese bounced back a few hundred years later, in the 600s with the Sui and Tang dynasties. In both the Han and Roman empires, the people themselves had something directly to do with the decline of their societies. If a country is not stable and happy from within, it will not stand a chance to any outside invaders. While the element of religion in the Han dynasty brought the people togethe r, it was not strong enough to hold the people together, while religions themselves caused people in the Roman empire to be against one another.

Chapter Guide for “Twilight of Atheism” Essay

The classical version of atheism is vastly different than the atheism that is know today. Some consider modern atheism as one of the greatest achievements of human intellect. Immortalization in Greek myths meant infinite extension of existence, non the infinite excrescence of moral qualities Classical Greek atheism denied traditional religion of the Athenian establishment Protestant reformers wrote against churchs corruption and straying from authentic models of the sore Testament Protestantism eventually gained popularity in Western Europe in 1600s -Historical origins of modern atheism lie primarily in an extended criticism of the role and status of the church The 18th century was regarded the most creative period of atheist experimentation and reflectionHistorians date the birth of avowed or wise(p) atheism in Britain to around the year 1782 Credit for the serious advancement of atheism on he eve of the Victorian era is most cod to William deitywin. He believed that soci al vision rested on the assumption of the perfectibility of humanity through reason. Mary Robinson wrote that, nature was emancipated from being Gods creation, and became a divinity in its own right. Percy Shelley argued that since compelling evidence for the existence of God is lacking, here is no intellectual obligation to believe in God.However, Shelley never explicitly denies the existence of a God in general. Shelley seems to argue against institutional religion. Mary Ann Evans aka George Eliot, grew up an evangelical, but turned into an atheist because she was of the increasingly dogmatic and impersonal constructs of the Christian faith. Evans/Eliot turned to a religion of human sympathy, she believed that the moral aspects of faith could be maintained without Christianity. A. C. Swinburne was more avant-garde and aggressive in his approach to spreading atheism. He visualized god as a birch-wielding tyrant that oppresses humanity.Swineburne believed that only the rejection of God would open the way to human self-fulfillment. By the middle of the Nineteenth Century delivery boy was seen as a moral sage, or as a role model. George Tyrrell was appalled that Jesus was seen as less captivating, but conceded that the Christ was a unhinged reflection of his biblical self. Chapter 6 Dostoyevsky was a Russian novelist that wrote on a fictional Russia that turned to atheism to solve its problems. While he showed attractive of that choice, he also presented some of its more troubling features.His criticisms were directed more toward the cosmos God supposedly created, more than critiquing God himself. Nietzsche emphasized that the belief in the Christian God became unbelievable. Nietzsche admits that the realization that God is dead bequeath travel slowly because it is just too unthinkable. For nihilism, a religious worldview is oppressive because it insists that we will be held accountable for our actions. In a nihilistic view, there are no sins, because nonhi ng matters in the end. Albert Camus argued that human purport is rendered meaningless by death, which prevents the individual from fashioning sense of existence.For Camus death is not to be seen as a realize but as a denial of all of our accomplishments. However Atheism did not materialize as well in the United States. Many thinkers believed that if God was not in heaven, he could be found somewhere else. Chapter 7 bare-assed atheism embraces those who question God people who consider themselves Agnostic. McGrath writes that atheism is not about the suspension of judging whether God exists, he states that true atheism is a firm disbelieve in God. He writes that true atheists view religion as outdated, enslaving, and a self-contradiction.McGrath criticizes the idea that if there was a God, why does he lease suffering, by showing the fact that many of the atrocities committed to humans are caused by other humans the ones that are supposed to be the new gods In the 19th century pe ople were invited to in-vision a world without God, but in the 20th it had already been attempted through the Soviet Union. But by 1980 it was demonstrable that this had not happened, in seemed to have reversed. John Henry Newman wrote that Christianity was a, living organism still in the process of evolving and developing.Pentecostalism seemed to become very popular in the years after the second World War. Pentecostalism stresses a direct, immediate experience with God, apposed to the more dry forms of worship in Christianity. It also uses a language that allows it to bridge deck cultural gaps easily. Chapter 8 McGrath believes that Protestantism helped Atheism develop in some way. -Durning the Reformation the distinction between nature and God were widened a bit. The idea that the natural world was not sacred spread amongst popular thinkers. -They believed that even if God did create the world, we could not conceive God through it.They believed that God had to be known indirect ly. Protestant reformers suspected that that medieval Catholicism occasionally degenerated into a folk religion of nature. -They believed that God revealed himself through the bible and preaching. He states that Protestantism encouraged the notion that God was hit from human culture and experience. This idea seems to mirror some of the ideas the budding ideas of Atheism. McGrath argues that protestantism took away some of the creativity of religion, which in turn made atheism seem more appealing.Atheism had a view of universality and a notion that it was above the common person. Atheism has always been on the sidelines of American life and perhaps will remain there. Signs of loss of confidence in atheism. Sun seems to be setting on anempire of the mind Chapter 11 -Future of atheism lies in private belief, not in the public domain it once had. Proved situation specific, not universal, and oppressing and not liberating. -Radical religious change led to tinkering with vocabulary i nstead of eliminating vices. Atheism confirms this theory. Nietzsche wrote, God is dead, as a meaningful reality, but the people had to believe in something else if that was the case. -Sigmund Freud stated that, religion encouraged unhealthy and dysfunctional outlooks on life. -Growing awareness for spirituality instead. -Religion brings together groups of people such as immigrants, creating communities. -In the US, atheism spawns organizations, not communities. -Atheism has not learned from their leaders mistakes, and needs to grow leading to fix it Greatest virtue moral seriousness. But atheism is in a twilight zone at the moment.

Decades Have Witnessed an Acceleration of Economic Globalisation

Recent decades ease up interpreted an acceleration of economic globalisation, in particular planetary deal out. Is take nakedness the key strategy to hit economic development? What littleons could you draw for policymaking? Support your arguments with economic system and empirical indicate from developing countries. Introduction In this essay, I shall critically examine the tilt put forward and test whether good deal receptivity is the key strategy to achieving economic development, and from this consider whether we can conduct further analysis upon whether in that respect be any lessons that can be obtained from this in regards to policy making.To focus our discourse using relevant empirical evidence, I forget relate this essay in general towards developing countries, enabling us to take up a tidy understanding of the task at hand. It is of importance that we first briefly explore how the literature describe and pursue globalisation this is done in the next sect ion. The remainder of the essay will be dedicated on segments on economic theory of international affair, the relationship between spate openness and economic growth, we will then draw upon empirical evidence, the negatives of mickle openness, and lessons for policy making.Finally I will offer my reason out remarks. Before delving into the core aspect of the essay, its essential to consider the underlying reason towards trade liberalisation in international trade globalisation and as well provide a definition of trade openness. globularisation can be considered as an important rhetoric of contemporary international relations. The term globalisation is much invoked to describe the process of increasing interdependence and global enmeshment through a variety of economic, cultural, social and, political changes that have do the world over the onetime(prenominal) five decades. Hurrell & Woods, 1995 Guttal, 2007) Globalisation is considered a form of capitalist expansion that en tails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy through an join on in international trade by increases in exports and imports of nations which has been widely regarded as being served by international trade agreements post world-war II. The extent of integration is depict in table 1 where we can see that in that location has been increase in the ratio of trade to gross domestic product (GDP) when integration had been apparent from 1870 up until 1914 the eve of World-War I.Integration was halted during the periods of the two world wars and the era of the Great Depression. During this period protectionism was rife, which saw the integration of trade and foreign asset ownership revert gage close to their levels in 1870. (Dollar, 2005) Table 1 Measures of Global integration Adapted from Dollar (2005) Table 1 Measures of Global integration Adapted from Dollar (2005) In recent decades there have been various literatures invoking contin uous debate discussing whether there is positive correlation between economic growth and trade openness.Advocates thoroughly concomitant that trade liberalisation induces an increase in economic growth whilst critics hold that protectionism is the essence to increased economic growth. The WTO (World make out Organisation) and GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) have shaped and influenced the integration of global markets through much debate, discussion and reciprocation, agreements have been established, aiming to promote the vision and objective of trade openness by lowering barriers to trade.Developing countries have been originally on the agenda throughout the history of the GATT and WTO in order to promote development in these countries as WTOs Mike Moore as cited in Rodrik (2001) puts it, the surest modality to do more to help the poor is to continue to open markets. Trade Liberalisation Paradigm Vs. Protectionism Paradigm More open and outward- oriented economi es consistently master countries with restrictive trade and foreign investment regimes. OECD (1998, pp. 6, cited in Rodriguez & Rodrik,1999) Policies toward foreign trade are among the more important grammatical constituents promoting economic growth and convergence in developing countries. IMF (1997, pp. 84, cited in Rodriguez & Rodrik, 1999) Despite such(prenominal) claims, historically during the 1960s, and 1970s although the GATT aided the reduction of trade barriers, it was apparent that numerous developing nations continued to venture in the protectionist perspective to facilitate in driving economic growth.Nations in Latin America and in some African and Asian nations embraced the idea of f Import Substitution industrialization (ISI). ISI refers to a trade and economic policy ground on the premise that a developing country should attempt to substitute products which it imports ( somely finished goods) with locally crapd substitutes. This much times involves governme nt subsidies, full(prenominal) tariff barriers and/or artificially maintained domestic currencies to protect local industries. (Kulkarni and Meister, 2009) sparing authors such as Trebilcock and Howse (1999) hold that their reasoning for adopting such an approach to international trade is that with trade liberalisation protectionist tariffs would have to be reduced, which would in turn hurt domestic production as imports would be considered more attractive than domestic therefore affecting the long run economic growth of their nation. tariffs on industrial products have fallen steeply and now fairish less than 5% in industrial countries. During the first 25 years after the war, world economic growth normd about 5% per year, a high rate that was partly the result of lower trade barriers.World trade grew fifty-fifty faster, averaging about 28% during the period. (Rivera and Olivia, 2004, p. 78) Its apparent by data presented by Rivera and Oliva (2004) and link with data availabl e in table 1 that since after the world war policies adopted to ensure unrestricted flow of products and services consequently run low to global competition and innovation which benefits all involved. Krugman (1986) further elabo order that with such trade liberalisation that there are a number of key benefits. Firstly, due to economies of case enjoyed by nations, economies are able to gain from their comparative degree wages.Secondly, there is a compound in intra-industry trade, increasing product differentiation enabling consumer satisfaction to be increased. Finally as Porter (1990) establishes, trade liberalisation ensures nations adopt sound economic policies to increase competitive advantage to ensure foreign investment occurs in their economy. Theoretical Considerations To elaborate on the points made above its essential to consider the theories of international trade, as comparative advantage is an important concept for explaining figure of speech of trade.David Ricardo firstly introduces the concept of comparative advantage. It is then well recognized as the Ricardian model. In the neoclassical theory of international trade, Heckscher and Ohlin examine the effect of different factor endowments on international trade. Theory of Competitive Advantage The basic idea of premise of Ricardos model boasts that comparative advantage postulates that a nation will export the goods or services in which it has its greatest comparative advantage and import those in which it has the least comparative advantage. (Ricardo, 1817 cited in Widodo, 2009)For example, it takes less productive inputs to produce clothes in China than in Great Britain. However it takes less productive inputs to produce bread in Great Britain than in China. Given this comparative advantage these China and Great Britain can increase their welfare of consumption by specialising in clothing and bread respectively and trade them. The overall gain from this is that greater economic growth can be attained through the utilisation of other economies comparative advantage. Factor Endowment theory Coque et al. (2003) furthers the comparative advantage model outlined byRicardo criticising one area by stating that comparative advantages arise only because international differences in labour productivity. Coque et al. continues by expressing that in the real world, trade also reflects differences in countries resources not only labour, but also other factors of production such as land, capital and mineral resources. The basic premise of this theory is centred that a country will tend to produce relatively more of goods that use its abundant resources intensively. For example, consider two goods and two factors of production (land and labour).The two goods have different factor intensities, that is production of one of the goods use a higher ratio of land to labour than the production of the other. The nation in question has an teemingness of land, therefore would delineate in the production of this good which uses land intensively. Husain (2007) identifies that from these free-trade models, countries gain from trade and world output is increased that the countries will tend to specialise in products that use their resources abundantly and given identical technologies and production throughout the world, factor prices will equalize across trading countries.By enabling countries to move beyond their production possibility frontiers trade is assumed to hassle growth by securing capital as well as consumption goods from other parts of the world. Trade thus stimulates economic growth, promotes and rewards those activities in which the country has relative abundance of factors of production. As developing countries poses labour in abundant supply their wages will rise and the majority of the population will be better off compared to no trade scenario. Empirical EvidenceTrade liberalisation and growth In regards to the protectionism and trade liberalisation p aradigms discussed, a key case study is that of Pakistan. Pakistans international trading policy consisted of ensuring a highly protective trade regime until the late eighties. Tariff place were excessively high and non-tariff barriers kept competing imports away from the domestic markets. It was only in the 1990s that trade loosening policies were initiated. During the period of protection the manufacturing and tax revenues grew by less than 5% annually.Once the tariff reforms were adopted manufacturing, revenues and exports have all grown in double digits. This correlation shows that despite the perceived views that protectionism protected the domestic, once policies that promoted trade openness were in place, exports within Pakistan actually increased, due to the comparative advantages they would have held in certain industries. Per Capita GDP Growth Rates, by Country Type, 1990s (%), based on GDP in get power parity terms)Per Capita GDP Growth Rates, by Country Type, 1990s (% ), based on GDP in purchasing power parity terms) bod 1 Per capita GDP Growth Rates by country type in the 1990s Adapted from Dollar (2005) Figure 1 Per capita GDP Growth Rates by country type in the 1990s Adapted from Dollar (2005) Dollar (2005) furthers this argument by presenting evidence from figure 1, which shows three categories Rich countries (developed industrialised nations), other developing nations (Lack of trade openness) and developing country globalizers (those who have adopted trade openness policy).From the evidence provided it is clear that developing nations that have reformed their trading policies to enable them to become more open have grew substantially than their other developing counterparts who did not. Prabirjit (2007) further adds credence to this discussion by providing empirical evidence on cross-country study of averages and panel regression analysis for a sample of 51 less-developed countries over a unvarying time period 1981-2002. Like many other wo rks in this field, the results from this study shows that a country with a higher trade share based on openness tends to experience a higher real growth.Trade liberalisation and disparity Although weve been able to provide empirical evidence upon the growth benefits of trade openness, many analysts are legitimately concerned about the effects of trade liberalisation on the scattering of income. Research shows that theres no evidence of a authoritative tendency for difference to increase when international trade increases. If we consider figure 2, this figure reflects the experiences of more than 100 countries, with changes in trade and changes in inequality measured over periods of at least five years in order to capture long-run relationship between trade and inequality.From the figure 1 we can see that there is no real correlation between changes in trade and changes in inequality. Figure 2 Changes in trade and income inequality Adapted from Dollar and Kraay (2001a) Figure 2 Ch anges in trade and income inequality Adapted from Dollar and Kraay (2001a) Trade liberalisation and Poverty Reduction One of the most common criticisms of trade liberalization and globalization, particularly in developed countries, is that it drives down wages and exports jobs to low wage economies.As weve analysed the combination of increases in growth has little systematic change in inequality, now with such results can we expect to see a reduction in poverty for developing countries. In Malaysia, for example, the average income of the poorest fifth of the population grew at a robust 5. 4% annually. Even in China, where inequality did increase precipitously and the income growth rate of the poorest fifth lagged behind average income growth, incomes of the poorest fifth still grew at 3. 8%annually. (Clift and Diehl, 2007)The fraction of the population of these countries living below the $1 a day poverty threshold fell sharply between the 1980s and the 1990s from 43%to 36% in Bang ladesh, from 20% to 15% in China, and from 13% to 10% in Costa Rica. Dollar and Kraay (2002) and Ravallion (2001) carry the hypothesis that mean incomes of the poor rise and poverty rates decline with the rise in overall mean incomes. that state reliance on cross country evidence to make inferences about specific instance is not helpful. Apparent factors which impair the effects of trade liberalisationNugent (2002) identifies factors which affect the effects of trade openness for example a trade liberalization program whitethorn have been well-designed but initiated at the wrong time. Arguments about comparative advantage and gains from trade are more plausible when real world conditions approximate those of the theoretical models used to justify them, namely, equilibrium at full employment. Yet, it was during the extremely turbulent and depression-like conditions of the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s that most of the Latin American countries and transition economies of Centr al and Eastern Europe initiated their trade liberalization programs.Nugent states that one problem is that in such turbulent circumstances, often before stabilisation has been achieved and when both inflation rates and relative prices are very volatile, the price signals exerted by the trade liberalization measures may be either misleading or too noisy to have the right effects on resource allocation. This can be an argument for delaying trade liberalization until after stabilization can be achieved. But, if trade liberalization is delayed, it may mean that the stabilization programs that help raise the prospects for future growth and stimulate investments will do so in the wrong sectors.Yet, the currency depreciation required to offset reductions in tariff equivalents may also trigger inflation. Clearly, there are tradeoffs and problems inherent in these inevitable interdependencies. But, whether, stabilisation occurs before, after or simultaneously with trade liberalization (if at all), it suggests that the need for a well-articulated, coherent and thinkable program is even greater than would be the case if trade liberalization was to start from a stable, full employment economy.A second problem in which Nugent (2002) identifies is that trade liberalization, and capital market liberalization, is likely to increase the vulnerability of the economy to new kinds of shocks. These shocks can easily be very challenging to policy makers and make it even harder to stick with reforms. Both Chile of the 1970s and Mexico of the mid-1990s were heavily indebted and then buffeted by unexpected shocks in the form of higher interest rates in the US. Indeed, some analysts blame the setbacks of Mexico and Chile in their trade liberalization programs simply to bad luck.Even if this is not entirely true, it is quite true that even if the trade liberalization programs had been well-designed for normal condition over time, they may not have been sufficiently well designed to als o withstand the severe external shocks that may be more likely to come in a liberalized economy. Lessons for Policy Makers The weight of evidence suggests that openness to trade is good for growth and that growth benefits the poor. But to enjoy the full benefits of trade liberalization, McCulloch et. al. 2011) state it should be accompanied by sound policies in areas such as transport and communications infrastructure, market facilitation, competition, information and governance. In order to boost the competitive advantage qualities of the environment subsequently increasing investment within the nation. McCulloch et al (2011) further state that trade liberalization can change the nature of the try and uncertainty that poor households face although not always for the worse. It can also affect their ability to cope with risk and uncertainty.Policies such as improving access to credit markets can help a great deal here along with improvements in asset distribution and in the flexib ility of local labour markets. Conclusion In essence to conclude, in comparison to protectionist international trade policies, from empirical evidence presented trade openness as a whole can be considered as a key strategy to achieve economic development, as we have been able to witness an increase of imports for developing nations which in turn increases efficiency and reduces costs, which can be considered more effective than import substitution policies.However as established in this paper, there are various factors in which can affect the effectiveness of trade liberalisation policies, which policy makers must take into consideration. References Clift, J. and Diehl, E. (2007) Financial Globalization A compiling of articles from Finance & Development Washington, D. C. International Monetary Fund Dollar, D. , 2005, Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980, World Bank Research Observer, 20 (2) 145-175 Dollar, D. & Kraay, A. (2002) Growth Is Good for the PoorJournal of Ec onomic Growth, Springer, vol. 7(3), pages 195-225, September.Guttal, S. (2007) Globalisation Development in Practice, Vol. 17, No. 4/5, pp. 523-531 Hurrell, A. and Woods, N. (1995) Globalisation and Inequality, Millennium 24(3) 44770. Husain, I. (2007) TRADE LIBERALIZATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION RECENT EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN issue level seminar on Trade and Economic Growth Linkages, Quai d-e-Azam University at Islamabad. Jose & Garcia, M. & Coque, A. (2003) Trade and Domestic Policies in Open Economy Available at www. napcsyr. org/ /tm_trade_domestic_policies_in_open_economy_en. pdf Khan, A. H. , Malik, A. and Hasan, A. H. 1995) Exports, Growth and motive Pakistan Development Review 34(4) 1001-1012 Krugman, P. (1986) Strategic Trade Policy and the New International economics MIT Kulkarni, K and Meister, K. P. (2009) Trouble with Import Substitution and Protectionism A Case of Indian Economy McCulloch NA, Winters LA and Cirera X (2001) Trade Liberalization and Pove rty A Handbook London, Centre for Economic and Policy Research Nugent, J. B. , (2002) Trade Liberalization Winners and Losers, advantage and Failures, Implications for SMEs Forum Series on the Role of Institutions in Promoting Economic Growth, Washington, D.C. Porter, M. E. (1990) The competitive advantage of nations with a new introduction Free Press,New York Prabirjit, P. (2007) Trade openness and Growth Is There Any Link? MPRA Paper4997, University Library of Munich, Germany. Ravallion, M. (2001) Growth, Inequality and Poverty Looking Beyond Averages World Development, 29(11), 1803-1815. Rivera-Batiz, L. A. & Oliva, M. A. (2004) International trade Theories, strategies and evidence. London Oxford University Press. Rodrik, D, (2001). The Global Governance of Trade As If Development Really Mattered. Background Paper. New York.United Nations Development Programme. Rodriguez, F. & Rodrik, D. (1999) Trade Policy and Economic Growth A Skepticas force to The Cross-National Evidence. In Bernanke, B. S. and Rogoff, K. (Eds. ), NBER Macroeconomics Annua, 2000 (pp. 325-336). London The MIT Press. Trebilcock,M. J. and Howse,R. (1999) The Regulation of International TradeLondon Routledge Widodo, T. (2009) Comparative Advantage Theory, Empirical Measures And Case StudiesReview of Economic and Business Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 4, pages 57-82, November.

Home School vs Public School Essay

Home domesticate and public take aim is a debated subject. Pargonnts are disputing whether home schoolhouse education or a public school education is more beneficial for their claw. An education that fits the needs of a child is important thats why there are things to be considered when choosing an educational path for a child. Certainly in a public school setting a parent should direct note that their children is in a better learning environment to salute and gain social diversity.Whereas in a homeschool setting they wont have that face-to face interaction with other children of different cultures and races. Exposing a child to diversity at an early age helps to shape them into more accepting people, and they would be less(prenominal) likely to shy away from new things. Exposure to different cultures and religions is different in a home school setting. The child doesnt get to charge up the other persons hand or speak to them to know that they sound a little different and thi ngs like that spark their curiosity to ask questions and find come to the fore more about the differences and why.The only socialization the child receives is that pertaining to extracurricular activities after their home school cessation such as karate or soccer. Getting a grip on social diversity at an early age roll in the hay help a child to create new ideas and change that can be beneficial to society and the world. Assuredly another thing to consider is the horrible truth about negative peer wardrobe and how it is more present in public school than in home school. This is wholeness of the main reasons parents decide that home school is better for their child and its understandable.However, peer draw wont just fade into the background. Its talked about in the newspaper and as well as on television, how children succumb to the peer pressure and in the end takes their own life and some epochs the lives of others. Although parents shoot to home school their child, it doesnt make the threat go away or necessitate it. If a parent is deciding that a home school education is better for their child because of peer pressure then, they should also be awarethat they are sheltering the child from the harsh reality of the world. It wont benefit the child is he/she is sheltered from it and never explained what it is or what it even sounds like. That child will incur up and get out in the world and doesnt understand why some people arent very nice or sensation them out of the crowd. A parent should take the time to understand for themselves what peer pressure is, what the cause is, and how to deal with it. The parents should also take the time to teach their child how to avoid it.Once a parent has enough knowledge on peer pressure, they can explain it to the child and give them a understanding so they are not left in the dark no matter what educational path is chosen. Although there are many pros and cons about home school and public school, one of the biggest benefits of home schooling is the student/ teacher ratio. The teacher has more time for each individual student, therefore meaning they have time for increasing their learning.Its easier to create a focused learning environment without distractions and interruptions. In public schools, there are at least 20 to 30 students to one teacher, therefore, those distractions and interruptions are present. This makes it difficult for the child to focus and gain the knowledge needed to have success in the world. Unquestionably within a home school setting, a child can receive a customized education. Some children struggle with math or reading. Some kids have giftedness in science or history.No matter what their struggle or giftedness may be, home schooling permits the child and the parent to customize the education to maximize learning, get past and strengthen and weaknesses, and set aside focus for those things that the child has a special interest in. The way that homeschool is placed is b eneficial to a child that has needs concerning an education. For example, a child that has trouble stress because they feel bored. A curriculum centered on a favorite subject would help. In public school, the curriculum is set and there really is no changing that fact.This isnt necessarily a bad thing because it could teach a child that sometimes you dont always get a choice and thats okay. In conclusion many parents want the best educational path for their child. Whether that be in a homeschool setting where they can choose the childs curriculum or in a public school setting where the child will have more of a stake to be socially diverse. No matter which option of an education is chosen, the parent will realize that all things must be considered when deciding on a good and healthy education for their child.

High Wire Essay

The living standards of an individual in any(prenominal) country depend on numerous factors. The scotchal conditions of that country, is unitary of the most important factor which influences the lives of the populate living and produceing in the country. The changes in the economic conditions of country pack a commodious squeeze on the lives of people, as they affect their earning and spending capacity. One such country which is experiencing massive changes in its rescue is America.America was regarded as a country where one base achieve his/her dream of an affluent and prosperous lifestyle but the recent economic situation in America tells another story. The word of honor High fit The parlous Financial Lives of American Families by Peter Gosselin deals with the economy of America and the changes it has undergone since 1970s. The author toys forth the affects of these changes on the financial lives of Americans. The changes in the economic policies of America have led to a situation in America where Americans are being deprived of financial security. through his book, Gosselin throws light on the financial life of Americans which is get more and more insecure, owing to the shift of risk from the employers to employees, from the insurance companies to their clients and from the federal government to the American people. Financial Lives In the book High Wire The Precarious Financial Lives of American Families by Peter Gosselin, the author focuses on the financial lives of Americans in the gratuity times. He begins his book by pointing out the difference in the economic conditions in America and the financial lives of its people in the past and in the present times.In the period that followed World War II, Americans led a life of prosperity and affluence, owing to the favorable economic conditions in their country. The first is that for most of the past quarter ampere-second, the United States has enjoyed the return of a resilient and suppuratio n prosperity that once seemed lost. (Gosselin 1). hardly in present times, the financial lives of Americans have been affected by the changing economic scenario in their country. Even if they are spark advance a life of prosperity, they are insecure regarding their financial lives.The second fact is that many of us, even the affluent among us -those with family income running into the hundreds dollars-have arrived at the red-hot century increasingly uneasy, with a gnawing sense that our circumstances are changing in ways that leave us less secure. (Gosselin 2). The lack of security is having a huge impact on the lives of Americans. After citing the economic situation, in which the Americans are leading their lives, the author goes on to analyze the reasons for this insecurity that is gripping Americans.The foremost reason he mentions in his book is related to the new economic policies which places the risk on the individuals instead of government. In its place, wrapped in the e conomic doctrine of free markets and the clean-living precept of personal responsibility, stands a new first principle Each of us is now expected to forge our own future, free to rise or fall as our talents or luck may dictate. (Gosselin 4). In support of his claim, Gosselin provides numerous examples which prove the shift of risk from government, employers and insurance companies to the people.Insurance companies are winning advantage of the new economic policies and reducing the payments which are claimed by their clients. In such circumstances, American people are forced to bear their medical expenses, without any substantial support from their insurance companies. The concept that individuals or companies are responsible for their own financial conditions has led to the collapse of even big companies. Within days, in September 2008, another investment bank, Lehman Brothers, was on the brink collapse..But Paulson under intense political pressure from Conservative Re ordinaryan s in Washington to pray moral hazard and let the company fail. (Inside The Meltdown). Another factor that has greatly influenced the financial lives of Americans is the effect a job dismission has on the work life of an individual. The unemployment benefits that a worker receives after a job have reduced drastically in the comparison to the times before a couple of decades ago. The author also brings forth the fact that a job loss leads to a greater drop in wages in present times.A worker, who has lost his job, is compelled to work on fewer wages on his next job, thereby leading to a drastic reduction in his/her spending capacity. personal effects on Individuals The effects of the drastic changes in the socio-economic policies of America on individuals working and leading their lives in America are presented by Gosselin. He writes in his book that in present times, American people are more concerned active the problems they will face in their financial lives than the national pr oblems.Indeed, it has not been public events that sometimes awaken us and leave us tossing in bed. Instead, fleetingly, but recurrently, we have been night stalked by questions about our private lives. (Gosselin 2). They are unhappy about their medical expenses, the cost of education of their children, the impact a job loss would have on their family. The author cites the examples of some individuals in his book to bring forth the impact the changed rules in American economy is having on American people.He writes about real people whose financial lives have been largely wedged owing to the new economic policies in their country. Individuals like Debra Potter had to bear the medical expenses on their own, as their insurance companies, taking advantage of the new economic policies, refused to pay them the proper amount of benefits liable to them. People received benefits from their insurance companies but they were insufficient enough to cover their medical expenses.A job loss turne d the life of an individual upside down, like Coss who had to manage with meager unemployment benefits after losing his job as the Vice President of a reputed bank. As Coss-tall, taciturn, with short-cropped almost military, hair- recounted what it was like to go from earning several thousand dollars a week to collecting a few hundred in unemployment benefits. (Gosselin 6). With the aid of statistics, Gosselin proves his claim about the growing insecurity among the Americans regarding their financial lives.The changed economic conditions has created such a situation in America where financial lives of its people lack the security which is needed to stabilize them when they are effected by a job loss, medical expenses or college education. The government is not providing a security net where people can make do with the changes that new economic policies are having on their financial lives. People have to deal with these changes on their own. Instead of joining together to solve pr oblems, that affect the hearty society, the heralds of the new approach say, more responsibility should be placed on individuals and families. (Gosselin 5).Even though the number of people whose financial lives have changed owing to the new economic situation is less, these effected people are less likely to return to their former financial positions. As with so much else about the present economy, the dangers are like rifle shots, hitting fewer targets but doing more lasting damage. (Gosselin 54). The financial lives of Americans are being influenced by a number of factors. Through this book, Gosselin brings forth these factors and the impacts these factors are having on the way the Americans are managing their work lives and family expenses.Conclusion The author has put forth the current economic situation and the impact it is having on the financial lives of Americans in his book High Wire The Precarious Financial Lives of American Families. Being an economics reporter, the aut hor has succeeded in presenting the real picture of American economy and the insecurity experienced by American people regarding their financial lives. His book differs from other books written on this topic, for Gosselin has presented an accurate depiction of American economy in present times.He also brings forth the reasons which have led to insecure financial lives for the Americans. He holds the government and the companies responsible for this situation in America. But he fails to consider the other factors that are influencing the economic situation in America. He focuses only on the economic policies of American government and American companies, and ignores the impact of other countries on the American economy. The book has aided me in understanding the present economic condition of America and the risk its people are veneering regarding their financial lives.It also made me aware of the negative impact the new policies are having on American economy. My thinking that the n ew economic policies were assisting in the economic development of the America was proved wrong after reading this book. The book can be helpful for economists as well as the common people of America, for it will inform them about the reasons for their insecure financial lives, and this information will assist them in voting for appropriate candidate during the Presidential elections.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Having a Big Family Essay

Nowadays more and more people tend to have only one child or not to have children at all. The reasons are different virtually of them want to have more time to themselves, some want to get to the top in their career and some unspoiled dont want to have such a big responsibility. Either big or small families have their advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of them. To begin with, children from bigger families are more sociable while the only child in the family may be a little bit likewise shy. It is said, that children who havent got any siblings and get a lot of love and attention from the parents, start taking everything for granted and become spoiled. I think, it depends not on the size of the family, but on parents and the way they are bringing their child up. And on the other side, in bigger families parents may have their favourites and love them more than the others.It is completely wrong and may leave some of the siblings sad and miserable. Also, the more children p eople have, the harder it may be to provide them with food, clothes, education and other necessary things. For me, the pickax of having a big family is unacceptable. Even one child seems to be too much. Im not quite mature and I dont think I ever will be, and I realize what a huge responsibility the family bond is, so I wont get back to have a child until there remains even the smallest shadow of a doubt. Also, I cant imagine taking care of soulfulness except myself and how Im going to sacrifice all my freetime and interests, and hobbies, and lifestyle for the sake of constant cooking, clothes washing and house cleaning. And no matter how some(prenominal) advantages a big family has, Im not going to change my mind.

Slavery in Brazil

Edmund Burke, the acclaimed author and philosopher one time said, hard workerry is a weed that grows on any soil. Between the 16th and 19th century in the Americas, millions on millions of strivers were brought to the New World. There purpose was to work. The economy of most European colonies in America was dependent on buckle downs. The lend that was discovered in Americas was useless with break sufficient slave labor to exploit it. In this essay, I will focus on two nations where thralldom played an enormous role in the development of that country. First, The linked States, where in 1860 in South Carolina over 50 share of the population were slaves.Next, brazil nut, the nation where about one third of all salves from Africa were brought. In this essay I will compare slavery in The United States to slavery in brazil, I will dissect the similarities and differences spot focusing on why and how the slaves came, the demographic and religious aspects, the treatment of the sl aves, and the aftermath on both countries due to slavery. Around the year 1530 the Portuguese came to brazil nut in search of land and natural resources, specifically sugar. As the Portuguese and the indigenous people of Brazil battled for land, the Brazilians resisted against being enslaved.As the Portuguese presence grew in Brazil so did disease, causing the oddment of most of the working indigenous people. As the number of sugar plantations grew, the de gayd for workers did as well. This is the main reason why Brazil began to import slaves from Africa. Although the origin of slaves in The United States was similar to Brazil, thither were some differences. In the year 1619, only around 10 eld after the British began to colonize US, a Dutch slave trader exchanged about 20 Africans for food in Jamestown, Virginia. Like Brazil, the U. S require workers for plantations, but while Brazil focused on the sugar plantations, the U.S was focused on the tobacco plantations. In general, bo th Brazil and the U. S lacked a major resource in order to maintain a strong economy, that resource being workers. Although Brazil used more than slaves towards sugar and the U. S used more towards tobacco, in general the slaves worked in mines or they worked in a sugar, rice, tobacco, or cotton plantation. Although the U. S played a big role in the process, both Brazil and the U. S participated in the Triangular Slave Trade. Some say the Triangular Slave Trade is the reason why 10 to 15 million of Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1650 and 1860.The slave trade was simple in time wrong on so many levels. The slave trade took several different thoroughfares, but there were two popular ones. The most common route would first start in Europe where the Europeans would trade manufactured goods for slaves in Africa. Next, the slaves were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to Brazil and the Caribbean where the slaves were sold for huge profits or traded for sugar, coffee , and tobacco. The journey from Africa to the Americas was known as the middle passage. Olaudah Equiano was a slave captured and sold into slavery.In his book, The Life of Olaudah Equiano the African, when describing the middle passage he writes, I was soon put beat under the decks, and there I received such a greeting in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables and, on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across, The white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner for I had never seen among my people such instances of brutal cruelty.The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, almost suffocated us. The air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a affection among the slaves, of which many died . The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. As you can tell, the conditions were brutal to say the least. Another popular triangular route taken was ships from the U. S colonies would take rum and other products to Africa in exchange for Slaves.From there, the slaves were taken to Brazil and the Caribbean and sold for profit or sold for sugar and molasses to take pricker to the U. S where then the sugar and molasses was sold to rum makers. In general, the slave trade was horrific and inhumane, however, it is the reason that the U. S and Brazil were able to maintain a steady economy. Although there were many similarities between the Brazilian slaves and the U. S slaves, there were quite a few specific differences as well. One of the largest differences in slavery between Brazil and the U. S was demographic.Generally speaking, the Brazilian slaves were usually decreasing while the U. S slaves were usually increa sing. This is due to several reasons. First, the Brazilians had a much lower correspondence of female slaves compared to the U. S who had an equal sex ratio. In Brazil, due to the lack of female slaves, they had a much lower birth rate then the U. S did. Both the death rate and suicide rate was also higher in Brazil compared to the U. S. Due to the low birthrate and the high death rate, Brazil had trouble to maintain a population resulting in having to continuously import slaves.On the other hand, the average number of children born to an early 19th century U. S slave woman was 9. 2 this is twice as many as Brazil and the Caribbean. All these reasons are why Brazil had a much larger number of recent arrivals from Africa while the U. S had a predominately American slave born population. Also, this is why out of the millions and millions of Africans who were brought to the New World, over one-third landed in Brazil and between 60 and 70 percent finish up in Brazil or the sugar colon ies of the Caribbean. consort to Henry John Temple, the well-known British Prime Minister of the 19th century, he suggests that there were about 3,000,000 slaves in Brazil in the 19th century. Although it is hard to know the exact number, most historians check off that it was around 3,000,000, which would be about forty percent of the whole population. On the other side, in 1860, the slaves in the U. S were only about 13 percent of the entire population. Generally speaking, in Brazil slaves worked on much larger plantations then in the U. S.Most Brazilian plantations held about 150 slaves per plantation. In the U. S, it was quite different. According to Carl Deglar, who wrote, slavery in Brazil and the United States, he states, Out of all the plantations in the U. S, more the half the slaves worked on units with 20 slaves or less. In the U. S it would not be uncommon for the slaves to deal with their owners on a daily basis, while in Brazil some worked on plantations with hundred s and hundreds of other slaves where it would be uncommon to encounter your owner. When comparing Brazil and the U.S today, the demographic differences during the days of slavery is one of the main reasons why the two countries are so different One whitethorn think that since the slaves were brought to the U. S and Brazil for similar reasons then they all were treated the same, had the same rights, and were viewed the same. Although this is by no means entirely false, there are a few specific differences on how the slaves were treated in the US compared to how the slaves were treated in Brazil. Religion among the slaves was vital for some while non-existent for others. In the U.S, religion was demoralised for the slaves. The average white American slave owner thought there was no need to ever have a slave practice a religion. This could be due to the fact that nowhere in the Catholic Christian teachings does it say its acceptable to enslave and treat a fellow Christian as the owne rs were treating their slaves. In 1831, Virginia passed a law stating, Slaves and release Negroes were forbidden to preach, exhort or teach in any prayer-meeting or other association for morality where slaves of different families are collected together on penalty of not more than thirty-nine lashes. In Brazil, the Christianity of a slave was viewed quite different. Some slave owners even viewed it as an essential for a slave to work on his farm. In some cases the slaves would even have to perform a religious rite even before they stepped foot in Brazil. Instead of being viewed as complete property, the slaves in Brazil were given a chance to practice a religion, in particular, practice the teachings of the Catholic Church. The slaves that departed from Angola, Africa to Brazil were baptized before they got on board the ship.When they arrived in Brazil, the slaves were acknowledged as baptized and had to begin knowledge the prayers, doctrines, and functions of the Church. In Bra zil, marriage was actually acceptable and valid. In 1711, the Constituicoes Primeiras of the Archbishopric of Bahia reaffirmed the legitimacy of marriages between slaves, and between bring out persons and slaves. According to the Constituicoes, masters could not prevent their slaves from marrying, nor could they separate them once they had wed. Although this may sound promising, it sounds better then it actually was.Most slave owners did not abide by the law that you could not separate a married slave. In general, they still viewed them more as property then people. According to Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the former president of Brazil, he states, Of the 660,000 slaves in all of Brazil in 1875, who were 14 years or older, only about 1 out of 6 was recorded as married or widowed. In terms of religion, it is true that the Brazilian slaves had more rights then the U. S slaves, but not by much. As you can see both the U.S and Brazilian slave owners were more determined on do profit b y making the slaves strenuously work then anything else. Although both Brazil and U. S slave owners had complete ownership and control over their slave, the mien they treated them did differ between countries. Theoretically, both Brazil and the U. S had laws against murder, abuse, and over working the slave. The difference is, generally speaking, in Brazil some of those laws were carried out while in the U. S, it was rare to see anyone ever defend a slave. In the U. S, the slave owner acted as the judge and jury for any issue involving his slave.In Brazil, a slave had somewhat of a right to a jury. For instance, say a slave owner murdered his slave in the U. S. In most cases it would go unheard of, but even if it were taken to court, it would have been extremely rare if the owner were prosecuted for anything. Now, if a slave owner murdered his slave in Brazil, by law the court should have prosecuted the case as if the slave was a free man. Although it may sound that slavery in Braz il was a serve less harsh, in reality, this judicial approach in Brazil is what should have happened, but as you can guess, it rarely ever did.Henry Koster, a famous German author and film director, in his novel, Travels to Brazil, he states, occasionally a cruel master was fined for maltreating his slaves but, I have never heard of a punishment having been carried farther then this trifling manner of correction. Although by law, the Brazilians compared to the U. S had stricter laws protecting the slaves, when it comes down to the truth, in both countries the slave was viewed more as property then human, mistreating your slave was seen as mistreating your property. One of the biggest differences when comparing U.S slavery to Brazilian slavery concerns manumission. Manumission, meaning the act of freeing a slave, was undoubtedly less common in the U. S compared to Brazil. The number proportion of free slaves in Brazil compared to the number proportion to free slaves in the U. S pr oves that manumission was more frequent in Brazil. In 1818, for every one free African in Brazil, there were only three slaves. This ratio is compared to with that in the U. S in 1860, when for every one free African, there were eight slaves. By 1872, the number of free Africans in Brazil was more then double the amount that were still slaves.The numbers show that theres indisputable evidence to prove that manumission was more frequent in Brazil. It is important to note that Brazilian slave owners were freeing the sick and the old more so then the U. S, however, the sick and the old simply would not have been capable to produce offspring in numbers to explain the large number of free Africans in Brazil. Marvin Harris, the famous American anthropologist, along with many other historians suggests another explanation to why there were such a higher percentage of free Africans in Brazil compared to The United States.As stated before, in Brazil in the late 19th century, the free Africans greatly outnumbered the slaves. The big difference was that Brazil needed those free Africans in order to maintain their economy. The free desolate slaves in Brazil produced food, were craftsmen, and even slave catchers. They per create the tasks that slave labor was too hard to come upon and the whites thought they were too good to do. This was not the occurrence in The United States. First, the U. S was importing more food rather then growing it uniform Brazil did, and the food that was being produced in the U.S was produced by whites in the South and Northwest. Also, the U. S had enough white men to perform the tasks that the free Africans in Brazil were doing. Therefore, for the U. S there was no economic reason for the whites to turn towards manumission as Brazil did. It did not matter if you were a slave in Brazil, The United States, Caribbean, exchange America, or anywhere else, something that they all had in common was the attempt to run and become a free man. Some succ eeding, some did not. In Brazil, escaped slaves formed communities like the ones they were forced to leave in their homeland.These communities were called quilombos. Compared to the U. S, the slaves in Brazil had a greater and a better chance for escape. The number of escaped slaves, the number of revolts, and the sizing of the quilombos were all greater in Brazil. Although there were plenty of revolts and escapes in the US, generally speaking, there were fewer participants then Brazil. In most of The United States, the climate was to chilly in the winter to survive on your own compared to Brazil where the climate was reasonable. Also, Brazil was full of forests to hide in compared to the U. S where the areas were policed heavier.The large quilomobs communities in Brazil may contribute to the fact that today, in Brazil the blacks are seen as Brazilians while in certain parts of The United States, the blacks are still seen as Africans. During the days of slavery, discrimination towa rds blacks was clearly brutal and ruthless. The horrific and saddest result of slavery in The United States is that race prejudice still exists today. I am not saying that blacks are thought of as they were in the 18th century, but in The United States today, especially in the South, there is still discrimination towards bleached people.After slavery was abolished in The United States, by no mean did that make the whites and blacks have equal rights. Even after the abolition of slavery, a black man still could not vote, give testimony in court for a white man, marry white women, hold office, and many other terrible things. Brazil, on the other hand, as writer Herbert Alexander puts it, the race problem had been allowed to solve itself. For example, in the seventeenth century, one of the three main officers when the Brazilians fought the Dutch was Henrique Diaz, a black man.This is something you would have never saw in The United States. The United States and Brazil were one of the last nations to abolish slavery in all of the Americas. The Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, ended slavery in the United States. In 1888, due to international political pressure, Brazil being the last nation to do it in the Americas, finally abolished slavery. strange The United States, Brazil was able to abolish slavery with out catastrophic violence. In both Brazil and The United States, the horrific terror of slavery in the 16th to 19th century is something everyone would want to forget.However, during that time period slavery was the reason why both The United States and Brazils economies were both lasting and on the rise. Overall, when looking into the history of slavery in both The United States and Brazil, although there are differences and similarities, the time period of slavery explains greatly to why position day life in both unique countries is what it is. Bibliography Alexander, Herbert B. Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. Wikisource, the Fre e Online Library. N. p. , 2 Feb. 2001. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Bergad, Laird W.The proportional Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 2007. Print. Brogan, Hugh. The Penguin History of the United States of America. London Penguin, 2001. Print. Carmody, Padraig. Unit Three Studying Africa through the Humanities. Exploring Africa. N. p. , 4 Nov. 2002. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Carter, Tom. Race and Slavery in America. Opinion Forum RSS. N. p. , 28 Feb. 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Degler, Carl N.Slavery in Brazil and the United States An Essay in Comparative History. 4th ed. Vol. 75. Washington, D. C.? American Historical Association. , 1970. Print. Differences In Slave Laws In Colonial Brazil And Colonial British North. 123HelpMe. com. 10 Dec 2012 Dodson, Howard. How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy. National Geographic. N. p. , 3 Feb. 2003. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Equiano, Olaudah, and Shelly Eversley. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or, Gustavus Vassa, the African. New York Modern Library, 2004. Print. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty An American History. New York W. W. Norton &, 2008. Print. Gomez, Flavio S. Africans and Slave Marriages in Eighteenth-century Rio De Janeiro. N. p. Sheridan, n. d. Print. Koster, Henry. Travels to Brazil. New York Kessinger, 2012. Print. Mattoso, Katia MAE. To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550-1888. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers UP, 1986. Print. Mintz, Sean. American Slavery in Comparative Perspective. Digital History Copyright. Mintz S and McNeil S, 3 Jan. 2003. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. Paine, Thomas. African Slavery in America. Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser. Philadelphia 14 Apr. 1775 n. pag. Print. Reis, Joao Jose. Slave Rebellion in Brazil The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print. Tony, Dunnel. History of African Sl avery in Brazil. Suite101. com. The University of Nottingham, 8 Sept. 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. 1 . Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 115-120 2 . Herbert B. Alexander Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. 3 . Olaudah Equiano.The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. Print. 35 4 . Sean Mintz. American Slavery in Comparative Perspective. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. 5 . Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 115-120 6 . Jose Joao Reis. Slave Rebellion in Brazil The Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Print. 8 7 . Laird W Bergad. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Print. 117 8 . Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 006 9 . Herbert B. Alexander Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. 10 . Flavio S. Go mez. Africans and Slave Marriages in Eighteenth-century Rio De Janeiro. Print. 42-50 11 . Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 1009 12 . Henry Koster. Travels to Brazil. Print. 77 13 . Carl N. Degler. Slavery in Brazil and the United States An Essay in Comparative History. Print. 1012 14 . Herbert B. Alexander Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared. Web. 12 Dec. 2012.

International Marketing of Ikea Essay

card of ContentsTable of Contents11. Executive Summary12. Introduction13. Internationalization24. Foreign Market Segmentation and Targeting35. Environmental analysis55.1 SWOT Analysis65.2 Environmental Analysis of Host Country- mainland mainland mainland chinaw atomic number 1885.3 From the linear perspective of IKEA International Group106. International merchandising Objectives117. Foreign Market Entry St scoregy118. mathematical produce/Service Mix Preparation148.1 Product adaptation148.2 Product publicity158.3 Product equipment casualty158.4 New product schooling168.5 Market expansion168.6 Service Mix169. Conclusion17Appendices181. Executive SummaryThis root emphasizes on the analysis of the overseas expansion of the global stigmatise named IKEA, who has already built a competitive returns in the international piece of furniture competition. It has the largest quit of mart place shargon and got huge success in europium which leads it to dramatize to Asia and di fferent market of the human being. Analysis of both the purlieual aspects in china shows that chinaware is the outgo pastoral to invest in, although t present ar still some weaknesses and threats exists.2. IntroductionIKEA is the foundations largest furniture seller which founded in 1943. In 2009, the worlds leading marketing research organizations of Inter firebrandselected into Global speed of light Most Valuable Brands list, the IKEA ranked 28th for close to 12 billion U.S. dollars in brand value, which is al airs increasing. IKEA stores were founded in the nearly important shopping domains of 240 stores in Europe, the north America, Asia and Africa. IKEAs success in the retail industry can be attri stilled to its vast experience in the retail market, product differentiation, and be leadership. This report will analysis the international marketing strategy of IKEA as follows aspects internationalization, foreign market segmentation and targeting, intragroup and external line of products environment based PEST and SWOT analysis, international objectives, foreign marketing submit strategy and product/ servicing mix preparation.3. InternationalizationInternationalization appears when the comp each expands its R&D, production, selling and other business activities into globalization markets (Hollensen, 2004). IKEA group is the most internationalized retailing of furniture world total. Chairman Ingvar Kamprad readableed his first furniture in 1943. He spent almost ten long time on figure of speeching and growth the brands from accouterments order business to furniture business in Swedish. In 50s of last century, laboured domestic counterparts extrusion, IKEA was forced to go abroad to find suppliers of raw clobbers, but to find low approach instead. This is the IKEAs first globalization of production attempt. Since in 1953, the first abroad store was reached successfully in Danmark. Then IKEA rapidly expanded to the whole European re gion. With the success of global sourcing, In the out fronthand(predicate) 70s, the Swedish furniture market was stagnant, IKEA natur alone toldy turn their attention to the international market.Then IKEA group began a huge globalization of market from that meter. In the road of international expansion, IKEA Annual Report (2002) showed that Inter IKEA Systems B.V given franchises as part of a detailed international expansion scheme. IKEA implemented the brand integration strategy, in order to form the absolute control of the brand. IKEA is not content with merely control of even the worlds largest furniture products channel, IKEA group would hope that their own brands and its own proprietary products can eventu all in ally coating the world. IKEA pioneered the brand integration sensory systeml, which achieve the manufacturer brands and retail brands to fusion of commercial brandsperfectly.Based on this concept, IKEA has been insisted all products by their own personally desig ned and gull the patent, each year to a great(p)er extent(prenominal) than 100 designers worked in the day and night to ensure that all products, all of the patent in order to achieve all the products be marked Design and Quality, IKEA of Sweden targets. So for IKEA is implicated, it didnt get the so-called upstream manufacturers pressure, or any manufacturer could give it so-called distribution chain commission. In terms of IKEA is the worlds exactly success of the organization to put up both channel management and product management, its integrated brand strategy is the large key to the successful integration of industrial chain.4. Foreign Market Segmentation and Targeting archaean in this year, IKEA has opened many stores and market was precise mature in the Europe. Until 1985 IKEA decided to go far the North America market. Although it didnt achieve success like experience across the Europe in the stolon of in the the States, IKEA has adopted adaptive strategies acc ording to local actual situation. It got the finally success in the USA market. Forthwith it expended quickly in the Asia. IKEA has sixsome areas in the world until now, which is Europe, North America, Middle East, Asia Pacific and Caribbean. At present, IKEA is developing the Asia market and existed markets realize six countries. Three Asia countries are selected to penetrating and expanding by screening dish as follows. IKEA had furniture market and wanted to expand in Singapore and China, In addition, Korea is very skillful market for IKEA while not yet opened. Singapore is the create country, but come under the world financial crisis and slump in global trade impact, this exceptionally open delivery (exports of goods and services show over 200% of GDP) GDP fell by 9.5% from the first quarter of 2008 to the first quarter of 2009( attachment 1). semi head-to-head breathing in fell from 2008s levels, which declined by 0.5%. In order to deal with weakness in private consumpt ion, government expenditure accelerated to promote and enhance the publics consumption of 8.3% (Appendix 2). Korea is likewise well-developed country in Asia. Despite the world economic deep impact on Korea, Korea staged a fast(a) recovery in 2009. GDP grew by 0.2% in the year (Appendix 3). Weak private consumption rebounded in the beginning early 2009 (Appendix 4), which is the most obvious change in durable goods and services. Consumersentiment improved during the year. China, the economic rate and consumption rate are the spicyest over these Asia countries. GDP is forecast to grow by 9.6% in 2010. harvest-tide will be stronger in the first half of 2010.China economic situation is superb (Appendix 5).Private consumption growth is forecast to speed up to 12% in 2010, from 9.0% in 2009, responding to rising incomes and improving consumer authority (Appendix 6). Based on the above considerations, IKEA should consider expending Asia market. In my opinion, China is worth of invest ment. Because of large area and population, IKEA should open in all capital cities in China. From opened the first store in 1998, IKEA developed shadowyly in China. According to the IKEA Web site, Chinas market identity is the largest supplier as a worth of 15 billion U.S. dollars market every year, not is the biggest sales market. Currently, IKEA has 350 suppliers in China, 21% of the worlds goods from China. Because of Chinese consumer awareness of its own position with IKEA dislocation, this is precisely an important factor of the slow expansion of IKEA in China. With the rise of local home office chains, as well as foreign opponents attack, to manage the position in the Chinese domestic market, IKEA must expand. Publicly available data, now IKEA hold home products market in China account for 43% of the share. To sum up, IKEAs expansion and development is infallible and very beneficial in China.5. Environmental AnalysisIKEA International Group, a furniture group aims to set up customers with variety of good-looking& inexpensive home products worldwide, is said to be an miracle of business in the last century. flat it has over 200 retail stores in over 30 countries. It needs considerable of analysis before entering foreign markets. 5.1 SWOT AnalysisStrengths of IKEA Well bangn in China. Chinese consumers k bleak IKEA as a big brand before it entered China market, so this helps IKEA to enter Chinese market to a greater extent smoothly. highly reputation. As IKEA is a globally brand, Chinese customers regard it more reliable than other furniture companies. inactive relationship. IKEA could get materials at a reasonable price due to the stable relationships that between IKEA and its suppliers. Plate packing.By using plate packing, IKEA could knock down cost from transportation and storage. Environmental protective and healthy material for customers. What material IKEA choose are both environmental protective and healthy, which enable customers use IKEA products without trepidation. Weaknesses of IKEA Much reliant on Europe Market. 82% IKEA stores set in this region so IKEA will have difficulties to face the Asia market. (Ikea get together Kingdom (2005) www.ikea.co.uk Accessed 23rd Nov 2005) Unreasonable rout design. When shopping in IKEA you have to walk along the unaccompanied aisle IKEA set and will get no way to go backward. Whats more, you still have to go along the aisle till the item you want although you have decided what to sully. This may cost customers lots time on it. Inflexible promotion. Due to the low price, there is no more room for IKEA to provide with promotions on products. High price for Chinese consumers. Although products price in Chinese market are almost lowest in the world, many Chinese consumers still can not afford them. IKEA should price the products based on the Chinese actual situation in order to get profit. Distribution problems. In China, popularization of cars is not high like IKEA oth er market, so it will take several long time for customers to wait for the distribution from IKEA and also they will be charged a high amount of distribution fee for it. Opportunities of IKEA Variety in goods categories. There are about 9,500 householdhold items in IKEA, which is far more than other furniture companies. Customers will have more chance to choose from when shopping at IKEA. fountain IKEA. What IKEA advocated is that to live a green purport so this can be a good steer which attracts customers. Threats of IKEA Professional center fields. Some big professional malls such as professional bathe mall, professional kitchen mall maybe one big threat, customers may prefer the professional mall when they just buy bathroom or kitchen products. Other brands. There are many household brands in Chinese market now, such as B&Q, Macalline, etc. Some of them are local brands so they know Chinese market better than IKEA. Change of customers needs. Customers needs willnot be the same all year long, IKEA have to research frequently and find out what is profitable in order to launch profits.5.2 Environmental Analysis of Host Country- ChinaPolitical systemChina is a socialist country powered by the Communist Party and a new Peoples Republic of China was established in 1949. In 1978, China initiated the reform and open policy which emancipated the mind of Chinese people and make them become innovated in the future. The year when IKEA has first entered Chinese market was 1998 and it was just the 20th anniversary since Chinese reform and open policy in 1978. As a developing socialist country, China is sportsmanlike to most people and groups in rest of the world and it is really of great potential because it was more and more independent as China is developing day by day, many international groups have agnise how potential the China market would be and then started to locate there branch companies in China at that time. As a developing country, China will a lways persist in victorious the positive attitude towards all the advantageous investments from abroad. In the incoming year 2001 China accessed to the World parcel out Organization successfully, which makes China a more open country and market. Economical environment in ChinaThere are 8 cities (in 6 provinces) (one of the eight is opening currently) in China where IKEA Group located its retail stores. Beijing, Shanghai, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Sichuan, etc. The forms below are showing the contrast of economical phenomenon between these locations and the rest. From the appendix 7 we can see the national average of disposable income in 2008 is about 15000yuan per capita, while the disposable income per capita in the six locations are mostly far more than the average figure. This means IKEA positioned itself in a more economic developing area while its target customers have high total income and disposable income. Appendix 8 is part of the household consumption expenditure by region in 2008.It is conduct that the six IKEA retail locations are all at the higher level of the consumption of expenditure than other areas. The high consumption expenditure in these six locations shows more buying potential to products. Appendix 9 is part of the total investment in fixed assets in the whole country by status of adaption and region in 2008.Most of the foreign investment in six provinces (Beijing and Shanghai are direct-controlled municipalities) are higher than other areas where IKEA didnt locate its retail stores at. This illustrates that the more the foreign investment an area has the more open the area will be, the more easily the people accept the foreign products and ideas. Social environmentDemographics people and DensityChina has the largest amount of population in the world. In other world, it is the biggest potential market in the world. The eight cities where IKEA located his stores in all have large amount of population, ee particular(a)ly Shangha i& Jiangsu& Guangdong because they are all along the coast in China. Places along the coast in China always have high density of population for there are more chances to get money and good development for individual at those places. Population stands for the purchasing power while more population means more potential purchasing power. Living standardsYouth in China are more open object than before, they will after whatever they like from abroad. As the development of economic and the quickening pace of life some so-called white collars in China dont have much time and money to buy some luxurious furniture and IKEA is a good survival of the fittest for them because what IKEA initiates is simple, durable and affordable furniture. In China, it is a fashion action to buy furniture from IKEA. 5.3 From the perspective of IKEA International Group IKEA located its Chinese headquarter in Beijing at the beginning when it came to China but in 2003 the headquarters move to Shanghai because IKEA regards Shanghai a central city of China for it has the convenient sea transportation as well as the air transports which are advantages for IKEA, an international group couldnt live without transport. IKEA relocated its Asiatic headquarter from Singapore to Shanghai which shows the great appreciation to large potential market in China. 6. International Marketing ObjectivesAccording to the previous analysis, the advantages and disadvantages for IKEA to develop in China are clear. Now IKEA have to make its marketing objectives in China market according to the analysis above. IKEA has high reputation among Chinese youth member of mouth can be a good way of advertisement so its targeting audience should be young person. In this case, lower the cost of operating a retail store is what should do next. The products in IKEA China are good but the delivery fee is terribly high. This will reduce the trueness of customers. There are eight (one of the eight is opening soon) IKEA r etail stores in China till 2010, as the World Exposition is coming, economic in Shanghai is going to greatly boom, so hope to open 1or 2 more stores outside the central Shanghai next year would be better. As the previous analysis we can see there are still some cities have the potential to run for a IKEA retail store so IKEA could take a few cities into account such as Hangzhou, Tianjin, etc.7. Foreign Market Entry StrategyHaving done all the analysis about chinas market penetration, we are now facing the decision of which foreign market initiation mode to use. Several factors need to be given full scrutiny before we choose from the grouping of entry modes. Internal factors are the deciding roles here in the strategy which should be considered with priority. They are mainly concerned with the firm itself. Ownership advantagesIt can be unders overlyd as asset-based advantages which include the firms mental imagery ability, reputation, origin of country, potential of future growth and so on. Apparently, Ikea Group has both the tangible and intangible resources to enter Chinese market, even the brand name itself is a huge selling point. What the brand stands for are fictive design, durability and functionality, and all of the three are not quite transferable, thus the transaction cost here is high, so we recommend joystick venture as its entry mode further into Chinese market. situationHow the furniture be shipped from A to B onto the shelf for display is important, since it has much to do with the cost of the business. Since Ikea has entered into china, most of the furniture is imported from Sweden.Undoubtedly, this approach increases cost dramatically. Cooperate with local partner can help Ikea build good relationship with local suppliers. Further more, furniture manufacturing industry shows the tendency of transfer the production facilities to developing countries which offers relatively low labor cost, huge consuming market and stable political and ec onomic environment (Capdevielle, Li & Nogal 2007) From this point of view, joint venture is a better choice which offer a great time and opportunity for Ikea boost its future plan of turning China into the supply center of in Asia. (Carpell 2006) Internationalization Experience & Global Strategy toward China According to Ikea website, up until August 2009, it had 267 stores and had trading service offices in 26 countries and 28 distribution centers and 11 customer distribution centers in 16 countries.(http//www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/about_ikea/facts_and_figures/index.html). Ikea opened its first store in China in 1998, and in the past 12 years it had up to 7 stores in mainland China, most of which are joint ventures. Shenyang Store is coming soon, planed to open in the middle of the year. Ikea expects to have 10 large stores up and running in China by 2010. (The China business review, 7-8, 2004) It strongly proves that Ikea has confidence and ambition in China. However, it is easier sa id than done. To accomplish its expectationIkea still got two more stores to construct. It should speed up in this plan. Considering this background, Chinas market penetration can greatly reduce cost and risk. External factors should also be given careful consideration. They are basically having things to do with the overall target market environment. Social-cultural FactorWhen carry out the penetration plan, marketers should be cautious about Chinas specific features, such as the diverse cultures which is bred by the vast territory, various kinds of business practice, different consuming philosophies, and all of these are quite difficult for foreigners to grasp on. In entering into a new market, the region size, rate of market and potential purchase power shall be the determinant parameters, so a local helper is needed. Political/ Economic FactorBefore china entered WTO, government requires all foreign company to cooperate with local partner in order to help domestic go-ahead t o developtheir business and learn the advanced management skills 1. Although the regulation had already been ended, not many firms shifted from joint venture to wholly owned store. Although the trend for future stores is wholly owned mode, it is still too soon to risk all the Ikea stores switch to this mode. From all the above, we strongly recommend the next few stores to open in the east part of China use the entry mode of joint venture to further expand its market, and strengthen its place in China.8. Product/Service Mix PreparationProduct and service are the essential elements in the development of company, the product of IKEA is designed by the purpose of simplifying, and the service believes the rule of do-it-yourself. However, with the special culture, economy and life style in China, IKEA should take some necessary change on its product, strategy, brand and service. 8.1 Product adaptationFirst, it is the endurance and practicability of product need to strengthen. Though IKEA has its own requirement and running play on the flavor of product, according to the latest research (Li 2009), it seems just aim at some special product, such as bedroom furniture, chair. Meanwhile, the equipment of kitchen class and bookcase are not as good as them. Thus, IKEA should even off attention to their entire product, every product needs to be test by certain standard. Second, IKEA has too much product, which makes the table of contents be also long. As there is too much choice for customers, it makes them nervous on how to choose the most suitable one. That is to say, IKEA needs to condense the table of product and makes it clear and simple, the customer would find the product they want first. 8.2 Product publicityIKEA used a lot of advertising in Europe and the United States, but there are so few in China and these ones are simple and bored, it makes large number of people know little about its product. On the other hand, the product of IKEA use environmental protecti on of materials and advanced ones, but most customers do not know them, because IKEA has few actions to explain it in China, while it is doing enough publicity in Europe. Therefore, IKEA should put more nothing and time on advertising and publicity, such as television advertising, as there is a very large population watching TV.Moreover, itis useful to support some event, for example, Sichuan Earthquake. Also it is important to make them evoke and attractive, it would give the design concept of DIY to the customers. 8.3 Product priceIKEA is well known as good quality and cheap price because of its centralized purchasing and professional logistics, and it makes most people have ability to buy them. besides in China, the price is higher than others, this makes most customers just look them. So there are some useful ways help IKEA reduce the high price. First, it is necessary to build a new production base in China, as now the production base is in Malaysia, which provides the produ ct to the Asia. This way would avoid the import tariff, because the import tariff in China is a big one. Second, it also helps IKEA reduce the transport costs, whether transport by air or by ship, the cost is not a petty number. Third, there are many small finished factories in China, IKEA should take more material from them, not in overseas. What is more, IKEA should give them a certain size of order, this helps make the price lower for competition. 8.4 New product developmentAs it is known that there is a too lager population in China, it makes the house of China be smaller than other countries, it means that there are limited spacing for pose the furniture. Thus, a good idea for IKEA is to develop the new product that can be folded, it saves the space for customers, and this also makes the customers would buy more products due to it needs little space. 8.5 Market expansionIn 1998, IKEA came into the Chinese market first in Shanghai, from then to now, it has pasted twelve years, but the number of IKEA place in China is only 7, meanwhile, it has 240 ones in the world. From the data, you can know the speed of its development in China is so slow. It loses much choice. Hence, IKEA should build many new shopping places in the important cities, such as the southeast of China, because the cities in this area develop fast and the consumption capacity of customers is suitable for IKEA. 8.6 Service MixThe service in Europe is do-it-yourself, but the situation is not the same inChina, most people in China do not have cars, so customers need IKEA provide home delivery service, IKEA do it, but the charge of it is high. For example, a customer buys a small chair of 79 yuan, but the cost for delivering is 60 yuan, it is not worth for customers. Therefore, IKEA should reduce the rate of delivering charge, and it is effective to provide the installation for free, as almost all of the competitors support the free installation. Another strategy is using some staffs to introd uce and recommend the product for customers, because Chinese people is different from others, they like someone talking the information to them, sometimes they also accept the staffs endurance on the product.9. ConclusionTo sum up, IKEA has become a successful international company with a wide range of products, and its global experience and unique strategy has led it occupy the large market share. But there are also some problems blocking its development in other countries because of the different culture, economy and lifestyle. So it is time for IKEA to carry out the new strategy on balancing its brand, product, service and management in order to expand new market, and take more advantages in the competition.